Digest of some Critical Responses to the Gao Brothers
Portraits of the 100 most Influential
Artists in Chinese Contemporary Art Gao Minglu, Hubei
Fine Arts Press, 2005
The Evolvement
of Gao Brothers’Art Since 1989 Susan Davis, Be-Word-Art,
2005
Deconstructing Texts and The Leaning
Crucifix —On The Gao Brothers Work Yi Ying, Contemporary
Art No. 12, The Gao Brothers' Special Edition, Hunani Fine Arts
Press, 1996
Chinese Art Today Guo
Xiaochuan, Beijing Press, 2003
Preparing Today’s Testimony
for Redemptive Trial Daozi, China Art Net, 2005
Daily Life in Performance Art
– On The Gao Brothers’ “One Day In Beijing” Yu
Shicun, Chengyan Art, 23rd Ed., February 2005
Public Space and the Maturing
of the Chinese Avant-Garde Guan Yuda, 21st Century,
April 2002, No. 70
Our Flesh and Our Spirit Are Starving
Yu Jie, Chengyan Art, 23rd Ed., February 2005
Experience this Land
– on five Photographers Zhu Qi, 2005 Spring Art Auction
Catalogue
Contemporary Art and
Idealism – Dialogue on The Gao Brothers’ Great Crucifix
Peng De, Eastern Art 6th Ed., 1996
Recalling Misery and the
Hope of Mankind Wang Yuechuan, Art Observation, 12th Ed.,
1996
Redemption or Criticism
Huang Zhuan, Contemporary Art No. 12, The Gao Brothers Special Edition,
Hunani Fine Arts Press,1996
A Query on Worth in the Age of “The Culture Industry” - on the Gao Brothers’ "Crisis: The Great Crucifix" Series and others Ma Qinzhong, World Art, 4th Ed., 1998
Debauchery and Redemption Zhu
Bin, World of Chinese Culture, 1st Ed., 1998
Deconstructed and Reconstructed
Study of Poetry Zhang Xiaoling,Conceptual Art, Jilin Fine
Arts Press; Zhang Xiaoling, pgs 6,12
Contemporary Chinese Photography
- The Gao Brothers Olga Svilblova, catalogue of Gao Brothers'
exhibition in Moscow, 2006
THE GAO BROTHERS AND THE REDEMPTIVE
POWER OF INNOCENCE Paul Serfaty, catalogue of Gao Brothers'
exhibition, New York, 2006
GAO BROTHERS Eleonora
Battiston, Zoom (magazine), 2005
Photography as an Allegory
of Human Emotion Bérénice Angremy, catalogue
of Gao Brothers' exhibition, New York, 2006
A Pair of Disciples on the Margins:
On the Art of the Gao Brothers Zhu Qi, “Gao Brothers
1985-2005”, Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House, 2006
The Gao Brothers’ “Hug”
Project – Art as Life C. M. Voskuil, Ph.D. “Gao
Brothers 1985-2005”, Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House, 2006
Disillusioned Urban Art: On Gao
Brothers’ Photography Feng Boyi, MATADOR (magazine)
Nov 2005
A Deconstructed Reflexion: Simulation
and Substitution in the Gao Brothers' Art Huang Du, exhibition
catalogue “Gao Brothers”, CourtYard Gallery, Beijing,
2001
Zai Beijing Yi Tian Neng Zou
Duoyuan Olek Borelli, NY ARTS (magazine), Vol.10 no 3/4,
2005
We are not Performance Artists
An Interview with the Gao Brothers, Chen Yuxia
Starving Artist: Bending the
Truth The Gao Brothers' photographs warp reality to convey the abstract Lee
Ambrozy, “that's Beijing” (magazine), June
07, 2005
The Strength and Significance
of “Embrace” - An interview with the Gao Brothers
Guan Yuda, Art China (magazine), no.1 2003
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Gao Minglu (Art Critic, Curator)
The most original and interesting aspect of the Gao Brothers is
that they do not feel obliged to follow fashionable or popular artistic
trends. Their wisdom has always been to follow their own artistic
instinct and inspiration. At the Great Exhibition of Modern Art
in 1989, Midnight Mass appeared with its extreme absurdity
and banter and stood out in complete contrast to the rationalist
and grandiose themes of the time. In the 90s, Crisis: the Great
Crucifix went against the aggressive trend of ‘cynical
realism’ which evolved into the early years of 2000. Now,
at the beginning of the new century, the Gao Brothers have once
again betrayed common violence and given us a gift full of humanity:
Embrace.
Gao Minglu, The Portraits of 100 Most Influential Artists in
Chinese Contemporary Art, Published by Hubei Fine Arts Press,
2005
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Susan Davis (Writer)
It is clear that the Gao Brothers' artistic nature differs from
those of other Chinese artists such as Xu Bing, Cai Guoqiang and
Huang Yongping who are popular in the international art world because
of the special relationship with Chinese traditional culture in
their art. From the beginning, the Gao Brothers have travelled down
a unique path of artistic creation. From their 1989 Inflationist
Installation and Copy Machine Art to their "Great Crucifix"
installation series and "Hugging" performance series in
the 90s, the Gao Brothers have been trying to give their art works
a context that is wider and brighter in scope, and also more humanistic.
Be-Word-Art: 2005, Susan Davis ‘The Evolvement of
Gao Brothers’Art Since 1989’
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Yi Ying (Art Critic, Editor-in-Chief – World Art Magazine)
The hallmark of Chinese contemporary arts during the 1990s was the
synthesis of popular culture and cultural criticism. However, the
Gao Brothers’ art hinted at another possibility – a
purely spiritual criticism. They use the individual’s spiritual
crises a launching point and extend it to humanity’s spiritual
condition, thus realizing two-fold criticism of both the material
and spiritual world, also reflecting the postmodern world’s
anxiety and worry over the losses and cultural vulgarities that
stem from idealism. At the notorious 1989 Modern Art Exhibition
at the National Museum of Art their provocative ‘Inflationism’
installation shocked a great many people, simultaneously criticizing
and ridiculing culture . After transitioning to the 90s, and judging
from works such as Copy Machine Art and Crisis: The Great Crucifix
they maintained their ‘Inflationist’ zeal and added
a new spiritual dimension to art observation; on a material level
they raised the bar for modern creation and reinterpretation of
traditional thought. With their two-fold aggressive stance they
synthesized a new form for Chinese Avant-garde.
Contemporary Art No. 12, The Gao Brothers Special Edition,1996,
Hunani Fine Arts Press; Yi Ying, ‘Deconstructing Texts and
The Leaning Crucifix —On The Gao Brothers ’Work’
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Guo Xiaochuan (Art Critic, Curator)
Gao Brothers have achieved wide renown for their "great style"
in Chinese experimental art. “Greatness” concerns both
the formal and thematic aspects of their work. The artists often
rationally ponder large philosophical issues in their work and examine
subjects of ultimate significance. For instance, their early Crucifix
Series is about the question of soul and belief. With regard to
production, the works are often large-size. "Forever Unfinished
Building" has these characteristics. The artists’ statement
tells us that the work stems from their pondering China’s
future. People hug each other, either clothed or naked, within a
huge concrete frame; the scene looks unexpectedly like a giant game
of chess, one controlled by a giant invisible hand. At such a massive
Chinese “worksite”, whose hand might that be?
'Chinese Art Today' Published by Beijing Press, 2003, Guo Xiaochuan
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Daozi (Art Critic, Professor – Tsinghua University)
Through nearly 20 years of artistic creation the Gao Brothers are
implementing a self-determined course of action ranging from passive
discussion to a call to action. Breaking free from mere tabletop,
dust collecting art - and then once again from traditional installation
art - the Gaos employ a full spectrum of recording arts and environmental
stimuli to define their realm. In the gradual process of their sometimes
sudden, other times laborious interchanges they use the pretext
of ‘performance art’ and other open-minded pretenses
to infiltrate public space and society at large, right down to the
lowest levels. For it is only at the lowest, layman levels of society
can art realize its highest two-fold purpose of upholding redemption
and salvation while consciously playing the social critic. In the
past few years, their live Embrace performances inspired ‘International
Hug Day,’ and appealed to our conscious state which was already
looking for latent and meaningful value.
Through Embrace they recovered the love, friendship, sense of belonging,
sympathy, modesty, tolerance and other precious qualities that the
creator endowed to mankind; Embrace participants the world over
learned the true power of love and redemption, and many young people
were inspired to establish new lifestyles. This ‘call of the
wild’ effectively exhausted the Gao Brothers’ strength,
but at the same time, Embrace fostered for them a sense of self-trust
and the everlasting roots of faith. In the eyes of someone who puts
their faith in systems, this kind of forward-thinking, cult inspiring
activity nurtures the growth and development of individuals’
spiritual life and thereby the bereaved soul of the entire world,
making for a prayerful night’s vigil.
China Art Net; 2005, Daozi, ‘Preparing Today’s Testimony
For Redemptive Trial’
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Yu Shicun (Writer, Researcher)
Among contemporary Chinese avant-garde artists, there are none such
as the Gao Brothers who so consciously avoid individualism. They
possess a sort of resolve to create for the vast throngs of people
and absolutely do not want to materialize in their works, so unlike
the majority of specialists and artists proclaiming they are cognizant
of something, but what they try so hard to explain is what we know
in our hearts through intuition: the already intimately familiar
sense of moral justice. The Gao Brothers use performance art to
explore the struggle between the individual and the commonplace;
this ‘commonplace’ is not a contemptuous scorn for the
masses, but a debauched sense of social ranking. Their performance
art has a more powerful, anti-satirical nature: through popular
culture mores and cynicism wrapped in a cloak of a different color,
the Gaos are actually using performance art to express deeper levels
of spirituality. What we see in their work is actually the most
severe and miserable parts of Chinese life, the scarcities and things
our changing society’s lacks most: virtue, doctrine, sympathy,
base morals, etc., just the things that constitute a transforming
society’s popular culture. Through the media’s garish
propaganda, lip service and empty promises, so called demoralization,
societal indifference, emotional vulnerability and other disgraces
become common social ills. We see in performance art pieces such
as Embrace, Great Crucifix, and Homeless Dinner a concern and love
within their proposed achievable models for a communicative lifestyle.
The Gao Brothers’ invite the everyday, nameless citizen to
participate in their performance art, stirring in all kinds people
a rediscovery of love. In the act of embracing a stranger every
participant discovers that his or her individuality has a place
in humanity, as well as an individual identity.
Chengyan Art, 23rd Ed., February 2005; Yu Shicun, ‘Daily Life
in Performance Art – On The Gao Brothers’ “One
Day In Beijing”’
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Guan Yuda (Art Critic, Curator)
The Gao Brothers’ performance piece, Embrace can be interpreted
as a successful case study in how to create ‘public space’
belonging to the individual. In Embrace, the performance expands
on various concepts, controversies and misinterpretations, rapidly
evolving a ‘public space’ into a hotly disputed cultural
and social issue; its networked interactivity, linking endlessly
with the work’s un-finished nature forces artists within the
public dialogue and intercourse to seek new motivations and inspiration.
Therefore, the discussions triggered by Embrace illustrate that
Chinese contemporary art in the Post-1989 world, and also of the
‘public space’ variety, is maturing day by day, thereby
giving us a glimpse at the vitality of Chinese contemporary art.
21st Century, April 2002, no. 70; Guan Yuda, ‘Public Space
and the Maturing of the Chinese Avant-Garde’
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Yu Jie (Writer, Researcher)
I believe the Gao Brother’s Embrace is not only a work of
art, but in the history of contemporary Chinese thought and in her
spiritual history, it is cannot be overlooked. The Gao Brothers
have given us a state of mind embodied by the embrace; it is actually
a call to arms for likeminded people, an appeal for love, a cry
for spirituality, a call to the inner self, and a shout out to the
universe.
Chengyan Art, 23rd Ed., February 2005; Yu Jie ‘Our Flesh
and Our Spirit Are Starving’
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Zhu Qi (Art Critic, Curator)
In the 80s the Gao Brothers joined the ‘New Wave’ of
modern art and their work possessed a kind of intellectualism and
a spiritual, self-examining spirit. It was these inclinations that
led them to walk a rather lonely, but notable and independent road
during the 90s. During this time, their art toyed extensively with
many avant-garde mediums including installation, performance, conceptual,
and many others.
The Embrace series around 2000 lent our lives a sense of allegory
in our modern era and society. It was also their official departure
from their lonely and disparaging forms of physical vindication
during the 90s, they began using powerful images to maneuver themselves
into a place in society by placing different groups of people on
a platform and using an absurd style embellished with the new hopes
and desires ushered in with the capitalist era. In the Sense of
Space photo series that came later they discovered a kind of space-narration
and visual style, later on this style provided for a more capable
and colorful allegoric vehicle: The Abandoned Building.
The Forever Unfinished Building (2005), The Passage of Time (2005),
and other works are highly representative of the Gao Brothers’
creations. The Abandoned Building series became a meaningful image
and place documentation, almost effortlessly expressing a powerful
idea about this era’s escapism and universalism. It doesn’t
matter whether this kind of universalism is self-inflicted or is
a product of different influences on each level of society; it’s
all overflowing with contradiction and is a baseless argument. It’s
filled with the capitalist force of competitiveness, with the poetic
expectations of ethnic pride or even human materialistic desires.
At the same time, this universalism cultivates an unprecedented
collective nihilism.
2005 Spring Art Auction Catalogue; Zhu Qi, ‘Experience This
Land – On Five Photographers’
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Peng De (Art critic, Editor-in-Chief – Literature and Fine
Arts)
“Your (Gao Brothers) mode of thinking embodies a new direction
for the international art circles that have arrived with China’s
modernism. Perhaps I’m blinded by visual preferences, but
in my interpretation, The Great Crucifix Series uses ancient composition,
a postmodernist shape, and also maintains a modernist spirit. Compared
to Christian logic, the modernism and postmodernism in both art
and culture are mere transients, but your Great Crucifix remains
seeped in a sense of perpetualism and idealism – its revelations
go far beyond those well-established by religion.”
Eastern Art 6th Ed., 1996; Peng De, ‘Contemporary Art and
Idealism – Dialogue on The Gao Brothers’ Great Crucifix’
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Wang Yuechuan (Literature Scholar, Professor of Chinese Literature
– Peking University)
After passing through the convergence of ‘Inflationism’
(sexuality) and Copy Machine Art (power), the Gao Brothers finally
discovered the ‘crisis’ point on their road to personal
development. From there the Large Crucifix Installation Series (spirituality)
was testimony to the individual soul and the transformation of convergent
art forms, realizing through ‘copy cat art’ the transformation
to the intrinsic truth of ‘creationist’ art. These works
demonstrate their creators’ heartfelt vision for the future,
grandiose and with an artistic flavor - an inherent elevation of
mankind. Viewed from this perspective we logically reach a crisis
point where both despair and hopes reside.
Present in the still and soundless tension of the Crucifix, the
spectrum of conventionalisms, cynicism, opportunism, consumerism,
and that cold sense of money worship all lose their validity.
Art Observation, 12th Ed., 1996; Wang Yuechuan, ‘Recalling
Misery and the Hope of Mankind’
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Huang Zhuan (Art Critic, Research Fellow – He Xiangning Art
Museum)
The recent work of the Gao Brothers illustrates an alternative attitude
in Chinese contemporary art, namely the saving powers of religion.
In truth, ever since the 1980s a religious mood in Chinese contemporary
art has always made up an important and alternative way of thinking.
But there is another reason why I choose to fully acknowledge the
creations and projects of the Gao Brothers – namely their
contemplative attitude and sense of cultural obligation …
although I can’t approve of their conclusions on religion.
I believe at the very least we agree on the following points: opportunism,
anarchism (irrationality), decadence, pessimism and cynicism are
detestable; we must pay close attention to the existing cultural
and artistic predicament in order to resurrect ‘nobility’
and ‘magnificence’ in art.
Contemporary Art No. 12. The Gao Brothers Special Edition, Hunani
Fine Arts Press,1996; Huang Zhuan, ‘Redemption Or Criticism’
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Ma Qinzhong (Art Critic, Editor-in-Chief – Artist Magazine)
A sense of demoralization has already begun creeping into the artistic
world and blaspheming art and a variety of other human activities.
It is in exactly this semiotic environment that the installation
art of the Gao Brothers faces the question of human worth and the
contemplative, baffling complexity of individual existence. Their
most moving works tend towards the heartbreaking, head aching, heavy
and sorrowful nature, they are contemplative and inquisitive. The
Gao Brothers are experienced and create using a historical perspective;
they have not allowed Western exhibition methods to shape their
point of view, nor have they used their status as international
artists to peddle art to Westerners brimming with interest over
the ‘China Problem.’ They create in China’s period
of societal transformation, in the midst of the new ‘Culture
Industry’ where the genesis of ‘celebrity myth,’
and other questionable motives inherent in this kind of culture
raise serious questions about humanity and leads us to question
their worth. Looking at the installation art of the Gao Brothers’
from an angle of visual effectiveness and one of metaphorical worth
not only does it have a certain intellectual depth, but is has an
emotional strength perhaps a product of their mutual encouragement.
Their works are a classic embodiment of the direction and the desires
of artists born in the 50s and 60s, simultaneously showing an essentially
two-sided intellectual complexity through the popularized medium
of performance art.
World Art 4th Ed., 1998; Ma Qinzhong, ‘A Query On Worth
In The Age of “The Culture Industry”—On The Gao
Brothers’ Crisis: The Great Crucifix Series and others’
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Zhu Bin (Art Critic, Research Fellow – Hubei Art Academy)
Comparatively speaking, I care more for the Gao Brothers’
art from 1994 to 1996, the period when they realized their Large
Earth Performance Art. In 1994, on the southern banks of Jinan's
Yellow River, they used red oil paint on abandoned railway planks
to paint in calligraphy the history of the monarchical reign; In
1995, on the dried up riverbed of the Yellow River they installed
three pieces, Another River, Hothouse Effect, and Long March on
the Yellow River; In 1996, on a near mile of Shandong’s sun-bathed
public beach they wrote continuously in calligraphy for nearly 3
hours various names for the nation and phrases related to civilization
… the sea water intermittently washed the traces of their
characters clean away.
I take a real interest in these kinds of performance works because
the performer is sustaining a rare kind of tranquility. It seems
as if they are using contemplative methods to appeal endlessly to
Mother Nature, not to a ‘Creator,’ or to God. Obviously,
these appeals are unanswerable, but it seems as if they don’t
want an answer. This kind of contemplation can perhaps reveal another
kind of conclusion: like ancient scholars in the end they achieve
some of life’s necessary experiences and a sort of philosophical
enlightenment.
World of Chinese Culture, 1st Ed., 1998; Zhu Bin, ‘Debauchery
and Redemption’
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Zhang Xiaoling (Art Critic, Research Fellow – Art Research
Institute)
From 1994 to 1996, at the site of the Gao Brothers’ Crisis:
the Great Crucifix, we saw the power of ‘shamanism’
return to art. Five crosses, each standing more than 3 meters high
created a mysterious, sacrificial atmosphere; the enormous serene
space was transported far beyond the disturbances of the material
world. These crucifixes earned their prestige in influential art
circles … after passing through the ‘Political Pop Art’
experiment, and learning from the panicky nihilists and countless
other absurdities, the Gao Brothers succeeded in transforming the
word and the value of ‘art.’ At the 1989 ‘Modern
Art Exhibition’ the Gao Brothers spurned controversial and
anarchical criticism with their ‘Inflationist’ work
of art, Mass at Midnight. The lucid transparency of their inflated
finished product became an absurd way of observing reality. Using
exaggerated generalizations to deconstruct ‘sexual politics;’
using the power of vice to deconstruct the evil side of human nature;
using absurdity to deal with the absurd – all of these methods
constitute that era of the Gao Brothers’ cynical, reversely-psychological
statements and their cultural strategy.
Beginning in the 90s with Copy Machine Art they began to show an
attitude critical of the rational norm; they seemed derogatory,
self-flagellant and indignant towards a transformation to a machine-made
era and the grave, numb outlook of the artist community. In this
period of their work the act of reproduction becomes a statement
of individual's rights, they use the act of duplication to show
that it can control the course of humanity and affects the losses
in art that have come from countless sources, and that it can also
overthrow accepted norms and patterns of speech. After that, the
Gao Brothers seemed to realize, even though the mocking the absurd
seems fundamental to their lives, it is difficult to realize true
powers of self-examination – self-examination can only be
built upon ultimate values and ideals. This kind of deliberation
and contemplation stimulates the Gao Brothers’ transformative
arts. Crisis: The Great Crucifix is not just a symbol of this transformation
– it is also its conclusion. In it, they attempt to use installation
space to force art to return to its redemptive theme: ideal values
stimulate a sense of inhibition and the banishment of absurdity;
reconstructed, meaningful desires drive away meaningless threats;
the profundity of words, flooding everywhere like broken pieces
are transformed and reassembled into a complete structure.
But the Gaos indefatigable desire for knowledge gives this lofty
artwork spirit, idealism, and nobility – in some viewers’
eyes, their power to overthrow is already tangible … the Gao
Brothers must face the contrary conclusions of aspirations based
on a reconstructed history: reconstructed crucifixes are exactly
that kind of deconstruction, their metaphorical conclusion is at
the same time a retransformation. Crisis: The Great Crucifix is
both meaningful and meaningless, noble and comedic, holy and base
- it is all-encompassing. To speak of its intrinsic qualities, this
contradictory baseless argument doesn’t belong to the Gao
Brothers, but is the baseless argument that we exist in, and are
surrounded by.
‘Deconstructed and Reconstructed Study of Poetry’ from
Conceptual Art, Published by Jilin Fine Arts Press; Zhang Xiaoling,
pgs 6,12
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Contemporary Chinese Photography - The Gao Brothers
By Olga Svilblova
(Published in the catalogue of Gao Brothers' exhibition in Moscow,
2006)
Gao Zhen and Gao Qiang have been working together for more than
20 years under the artistic pseudonym the Gao Brothers. Their work
has marked the beginning of the new wave in the Chinese art,the
wave that has started before the beginning of economical and political
reform and opposed the style of official propaganda.The brothers
have espressed themselves in traditional forms of Fine Art, in literature,
curator's projects However; presently their main specialization
is photography and video.
The story of Gao Brothers has started in their native Shandong province
in the North-East of China. In the latest years they live and work
i Beijing.Since the beginning of their career the Gao Brothers have
used art-photography as special kind of opposition to the official
reportage.Today the complex compositions of Gao Brothers make the
new social situation in Chinese society a subject for an analysis.And
this new situation is a moment of breaking and transition,when the
economical boom and political changes bring about the loss of habitual
psychological and cultural coordinates.
In this context the issue of identity became unbelievingly relevant.
The collective 'us' being replaced by the personal 'me' is a more
severe problem than the economical gap.Gao Brothers have expressed
the identity problem in their famous "Embraces" series
of 2000 where a lot of strangers experience the feeling of embarrassment,
the impossibility of integration, connected with the a-priori artificial
situation of a collective performance. One of the main means,used
by the Gao Brothers -- the body language.With its help they express
complex emotional and intellectual reactions of their characters.
This is where the artistic exposure comes from -- the technique,
often used by the Gao Brothers in their sets. For many generations
the Chinese civilization has tabooed the exposure of naked body
and the eccentric gesture of the artists, masterly using the embarase
and at the same time the naturalness of the moment, when the covers
are put down ,creates a striking metaphor of the traditionally closed
culture that suddenly opened up under the influence of the Western
world.
The change in social attitudes inevitably changes the experience
of the natural and city landscape that becomes alien and hostile
but still retains the desire for human integration. The anxieties,
fears and desires that penetrate the physical space are explicated
very distinctly in the "Sense of Space' series.
The grand breaking,connected with the period of transition in the
Chinese history has been reflected in everything, including one
of the main elements of the living environment -- the architectural.
Everything old has been destroyed and the new architectural forms
have not been acquired yet. This is how the favorite attributes
of Gao Brothers -- the bitumen ruins that symbolize the destruction
and the unfinished construction at the same time and make people
feel like nomads. In this sense the series "The eternally unfinished
construction" is very expressive.
Reflecting the realities of contemporary China, the artists are
actually describing the global problems, relevant for the whole
humankind .In the latest series the Gao Brothers have let go the
irony and sarcasm, so characteristic for their earlier work. They
undertake an attempt to construct a new cosmos and a new collective
mythology that will bring back the lost soil under our feet.
Since 1989 till 2003 the Gao Brothers have experienced many bans
from censorship.For example, in 2001 they are invited by Harold
Schiman, the curator of the 49th Venice Biennale to organize the
opening performance. However they could no be present at their own
act as they did not receive a permission to leave the country. Today
these artists are among the leaders in the world of contemporary
art, whose work is a metronome of changes that are happening in
the Chinese society and on the world artistic arena.
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THE GAO BROTHERS AND THE REDEMPTIVE POWER OF INNOCENCE
By Paul Serfaty
(Published in the catalogue of Gao Brothers' exhibition in New
York, 2006)
The Gao Brothers offer a more subtle reflection of post-Mao China
than the many artists who seek to astonish, especially in the fashionable
auction-driven world of contemporary Chinese oil painting.
Given the oversized drama of "Miss Mao" sculptures, the
ambitious scale of the Gao Brothers' images of misconceived Unfinished
Buildings, the nude bodies crammed into their "Sense of Space"
photographs, the cybernetic detachment of 'Mickey' Mao floating
in and around Ti'anmen Square and the blood-drenched rivers in which
Mao swims, this assertion may seem surprising.
However, to understand the subtlety, it is necessary to know a little
of their history, as their work abounds in symbols of their times,
personal and other, that may be mysterious i to foreigners –
and even to younger-generation artists less exposed to the depredations
of the Cultural Revolution. Seen in this light, action events such
as their "Hug" performances orchestrated around the world
and through the Internet, become gestures of applied idealism in
response to the spiritual emptiness of the consumer and money-dominated
values of China today.
Born in Jinan in 1956 and 1962 respectively, Gao Zhen and Gao Qiang
lived in a family profoundly affected by the Cultural Revolution.
Their father, accused of bourgeois and intellectual tendencies was
shot in 1968. Present day reconstruction of family pictures such
as were popular in the 1950s and 1960s, and are today referenced
by contemporary artists as diverse as Zhang Xiaogang and Hai Bo,
point up the tragedy: a gap shows where a life should have been.
To 'read' a work by the Gao Brothers is an undertaking that takes
place through many layers. On the surface is the immediacy of the
visible: Mao's photo above the entrance to the Forbidden City, or
burnt in the ruins of a building; a group of people embracing; the
emptiness of a concrete shell; bodies crammed naked into tiny boxes;
images of childish charm echoing Pop-style portraits of Mao, themselves
a modern art cliché. These serve to remind us of the presently
real: the continuing dominant power of politics; the search for
emotional fulfillment in a world of wasted resources; the rejection
of harsh reality for a childhood world of innocence, perhaps even
superficial charm. These mental responses are also spiritual allegories
of China today.
However, there is also a naivete, an openness and honesty which
picks up the best of the psychology of earlier times. Susan Sontag
observed in 1975 that "… official art in countries like
China and the Soviet Union aims to expound and enforce a utopian
morality…" and also that "Left wing movements have
tended to be unisex and asexual in their imagery". ii It is
a mark of the deep honesty of the Gao Brothers' work that they manage
to unify the best and the worst of past realities. The childishness
of Miss Mao reflects a yearning for goodness but also exposes as
self-deception the present popular positive attitude to Mao; the
ambiguous sexuality and potentially depraved charm of their sculptures
simultaneously embraces and criticizes the propaganda techniques
of the past iii while employing, in its Pop allusions, the mechanisms
by which 1960s artists in America disempowered the powerful by refusing
any debate on the terms set by the establishment. That art still
has the power to dismay the powerful is evidenced by the fact that
the Beijing authorities, after seeing a show hung by the Gao Brothers
in their studio this very summer, demanded they take down works
by Wu Wenjian,
jailed after June 1989, and cover up the Miss Mao sculptures. iv
In other works, traditional images of power, such as the Forbidden
City, that reflect the dictator's love of the massive are captured,
mastered and distorted by digital technology, while that small but
telling symbol of human cruelty, the coin which families were charged
for the bullet that killed their father, or mother, or sister or
brother, floats in one or another part of the image, as symbolic
for Chinese of a certain generation as symbols of Nazism might be
to New Yorkers today.
However, in combining these layers of meaning, the Gao Brothers
have by no means embraced the photographic equivalent of Cynical
Realism. To the contrary, their work always remains human and optimistic.
This attitude is equally visible in their action events and happenings,
which are always designed to bring about positive actions and positive
thinking on the part of real people in all parts of the world. For
the Gao Brothers, the digital is not a means to make striking juxtapositions,
and the internet not a means to market, but a means to unite the
apparently divergent, to reconcile us to our history without denying
its often sad truth.
By facing historical reality openly, and simultaneously expressing
confidence in what is best in us, the Gao Brothers help ensure that
we will not be doomed to repeat that history. Such is the power
of innocence informed by experience.
i
Reminding us of how the film-maker Syberberg used child-images and
talismans on the set of his "Hitler, a Film from Germany",
a film that explored the relationship between Hitler and the German
people, but also included references to Buddhist icons and even
displayed the remains of a doll's house from Wagner's sponsor King
Ludwig's Linderhof Castle.
ii
See "Fascinating Fascism" p.92, republished by Picador
USA, 2002 in "Under the Sign of Saturn".
iii
Revolutionary art was meant to be 'Red, Bright and Shining' (in
Chinese: hong, guang, liang), as are the Miss Mao sculptures, but
scarcely in the way the authorities would have intended - another
hidden and ironical subversion
iv
Gao Qiang, discussion with the author, July 2006
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GAO BROTHERS
Written by: Eleonora Battiston
Translated by: Claudia Albertini
(Published in the magazine "Zoom", 2005)
Born respectively in 1956 and 1962, the two brothers, Gao Zhen and Gao Qiang, come from Jinan, Shandong province. Zhen studied fine arts at the Shandong Gongyi Arts Academy, while Qian graduated from the Qufu University with a specialization in literature. They have been working together under the pseudonym Gao Brothers since 1985. Whilst focusing on installations, performances, photos, they also completed analyses on Chinese contemporary life and society, such as One Day in Beijing, The State of China Avant-Garde and The Report of Art Environment. Currently, they live and work in Beijing, center of the major cultural activities in China. They opened their studio at the 798 Art Factory inside the Beijing New Art Projects Gallery. Their multifaceted activities include those of curators and promoters, yet photography seems to be where they mostly excel. Zhen and Qiang took part to solo and group exhibitions in China and, since 2001, also abroad where they gained popularity especially in big centers such as Paris, Rome, Los Angeles…
Through performances and computer modifying facilities they create
photos, which focus on the individual and collective reactions in
front of the sudden and fast changes taking place in their country.
Among their most famous series, it’s worth to mention “Sense
of Space” and “Utopia of Hugging for 20 Minutes”,
in which they stress a particular emphasis on human relations and
on the relation between man and the space around. In “Sense
of Space” the figures portrayed are trapped in little shelves
of a bookshelf while displaying their own unshared emotions. Every
single character is enclosed in a tiny, restricted cellar, delimited
by impenetrable barriers across which it’s not possible to
move. A feeling of anxiety and impotence pervades the atmosphere
while it turns men unable to communicate and cooperate. A sense
of loneliness is accompanied by an external order, which disaggregates
and divide so as to face the power of socializing. Everyone lives
his own inner and personal drama, the one Gao Brothers are trying
to get through with their utopist and symbolic play of collective
hugs. The first experience goes back to the 10th of September 2000,
when the two brothers invited 150 volunteers to take part to an
event in which each of them had to chose a person to hug for 15
minutes. Since then, groups of strangers met up in public spaces
in order to experiment this mass hug whose various facets have been
afterwards recorded into photos. A very close and straight physical
contact can be felt as a destabilizing gesture for any culture,
especially for the Asiatic ones, not very used to such an explicit
and invading approach. Hug can generate thus a sort of trauma, a
disturbance, yet soon transmuted into a meditative moment or an
individual rebirth thanks to the romanticism and symbolism hidden
by the gesture itself. Since we were kids, the warmth and affection
displayed by hugs have been essential, but sometimes because of
social barriers and cultural peculiarities we find ourselves forced
to forget about this primary need. The Gao Brothers demystify this
awkwardness, which is reason of alienation and anonymity, and offer
people the opportunity to revise and overturn the isolationism of
their lives. One of the most significant scenery in which they set
their photos is an abandoned construction located in their native
village, Jinan. This building, covering an area of 10000 m2, was
started ten years ago and its construction had to be interrupted
because of shortage of money. This “ghost” edifice documents
the situation of numerous Chinese constructions, which end to lay
as piles of bricks and sand. Through the usage of computer facilities,
they create a labyrinth of stairs and layers, which intersect one
with the other, reminding those drawings of Escher. In these spaces,
individuals appear, as in the shape of hallucinations, and act,
through common gestures, episodes of daily life. These flashes seem
to represent metaphors of events lost in the paths of our memories.
Our brains record images, news, information, which are left as with
no location. Our unconscious mix up and confuse them together with
other data in order to generate an impressive RAM of chaos and order,
of amnesia and memory. Everything then come back to life, no matter
if we are in a deserted land or in a decadent building, but a hug
can delimit a space, wake it up, give it energy and avoid abandonment.
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Photography as an Allegory of Human Emotion
By Bérénice Angremy
(Published in the catalogue of Gao Brothers' exhibition New York,
2006)
Gao Zhen and Gao Qiang have been on the artistic scene of contemporary
art in China for the past twenty years, and together they have created
a body of work under the name of the Gao brothers which can unequivocably
be seen as an allegory of human emotion.
The two brothers are originally from Jinan in the northeast of China where they patiently went about creating installations and videos, doing performances and photography, often off the beaten track. They were also interested in setting down their ideas and published various essays on society and contemporary art. In addition, they became known as independent curators, promoting the work of young artists and film makers. However, in the past ten years or so, they have resolutely turned towards photography: photography with a conventional camera and then with a digital camera, which they were one of the first to use in China. A visitor to their studio-gallery in Dashanzi in Beijing, where they have been for the past two years, cannot fail to see them, always together, sitting in front of their computer, working with evident pleasure and amusement on their latest works.
The work of the Gao brothers has slowly evolved and in this exhibition in Paris, we can see the different phases and concerns, which nonetheless form a coherent work. In the large size photographs, simply and directly photographed and meticulously re-worked on the computer, we are first struck by their perception of the world governed by the imaginary, but filled with men and women who visibly belong to our ordinary world, accessible to everybody; by a constant concern for what is human or rather human emotions; and finally, by their use of theatrical staging close to mystical or religious paintings.
This view of photography in the service of the imaginary can readily
be seen as a part of the history of photography in China. In the
early beginnings of contemporary art in China at the end of the
70’s, a whole generation of artists declared their artistic
independence by distancing themselves from a documentary and sentimentally
realistic view of photography in conformity with the dictates of
Communist propaganda.
The Gao brothers as well as Wang Qingsong, Liu Wei, Rongrong, Miao
Xiaochun or Yan Fudong, to name just a few photographers taken at
random who work in different styles – professional photographers
or artists turned photographers – share a certain belief that
photography allows them to over-develop their imagination, to enrich
their imagination nearly to excess, to play in an exaggerated way
on the confusion inherent to photography: the tangible gap between
reality and imagination which exists only in photo or video.
Some artists work on the themes of collective and individual memory, others sublimate or ironize on daily life; still others transcend their personal relation to the world. All, however, like theater directors putting on a play, focus their attention on the subject and the plastic effect desired. This kind of more instinctive photography and a photography called “realistic” are two genres which have only recently come to the fore.
The photos of the Gao brothers are staged situations which seem to explore the purest recesses of our soul rather than the most obscure. The subjects can have their beginnings in a performance, which is the case of the first photo in the series Embrace (2000) where a hundred or so strangers came together in a deserted place – a beach in Jinan – to hug each other for fifteen minutes. Emotion on the faces of the people embarrassed to “meet” each other in public, a possible abandonment of the body which which slowly relaxes during the filming. The series which develops over the course of several years takes on a more theatrical form, becoming in the end living tableaus. In the series Sense of Space, the Gao brothers explore our most intimate feelings through the attitudes which separate us from each other: suffering, anxiety, prayer or expectations. The encounters between men and women (The girl and the labourer, Confrontation, Hug) are distant, never completely shown, always difficult but not completely impossible either.
During the period from the end of the 90’s to the beginning
of the years 2000, the artistic expression of the Gao brothers can
be found not only in their finished photos and their successful
staging, but also in the event created during the filming. For example,
the Homeless Dinner establishes a relationship between these people
excluded from society
during the time however short of a dinner; hugging in the series
Embrace, means exchanging what seems to be a natural human gesture
but which stops being so when it is done between strangers. While
all of these performances have their social elements, they are nonetheless
an artistic statement, full of generous and fraternal feelings.
In this work, we can feel a kind of fervor – like a pure and indestructible faith – but which can also seem somewhat naïve. Is there a quest for a purity of feeling or for brotherhood? Is there a desire to decode the feelings of alienation which surround us in order to help us be more human? In any case, it is clear that the Gao brothers avoid any attitude of cynicism or sarcasm.
There is also something bordering on the religious in their work. The character of their work is accentuated by a composition and an interplay of iconographic elements found in the aesthetic of the mystical tableau. The personnages often have their eyes half closed as if they were praying. Their attitude is one of self-abandonment, sometimes a bodily lassitude, rather than anything heroic. Here there is resignation or humility rather than triumph. In numerous photos, candlelight (a favorite element of Western religious iconography) or the rays of a flashlight (a contemporary candle) unite the protagonists and reinforce their state of fervor (Illusion of Dawn, Prayer 3…)
To give impetus to their imagination, the Gao brothers have a predilection for “non-places” or “semi-places” which seem to condemn people to their destiny: existing streets and squares which become deserted at the onset of evening; unfinished buildings or abandonned terraces laced with cracks; or spaces they create similar to stage props, such as the wardrobes in Sense of Space or the table in 20 people hired to hug 3. People are put into these spaces which are too tight for them, forcing them to hide their feelings or personal stories. The new constructions which the Gao brothers have created on their computers in the last two years (High Place), while visionary and sublime, remain as always inaccessible to others.
In the last two or three years, their work has taken another turning with the assiduous montage done on the computer. In The forever unfinished building 3, the floors of the structure multiply into infinity, making us think of a palace with concrete walls and bars of metal. In this labyrinth glides a various set of people seen in the corners, appearing here and there, all of equal physical or social importance. The Gao brothers plunge us into a society seen with a magnifying glass: we see the fantasies of some and the dreams of others; we take part in the multitude of individual daily tragedies with their share of good and bad fortune - the homeless, couples with unfinished love stories or those who have found happiness, or those suffering from solitude. Their work is both a minute and gigantic description of daily life, less mystical than in the past but also more playful. There is no doubt that the Gao brothers take a real delight in working with their computer but in the last series as in the previous ones, while the multiplicity of spaces gives rise to a multiplicity of stories, the life of each individual remains an isolated point unless we make an effort to cross the barriers which separate us. Can we not say therefore that their photography is simply an allegory of human emotion?
Bérénice Angremy, independent art critic and
curator based in Beijing
Translated by Shirley Sharoff
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A Pair of Disciples on the Margins: On the Art of the Gao Brothers
Written by: Zhu Qi
Translated by Robin Visser
(Published in “Gao Brothers 1985-2005”, Hunan Fine
Arts Publishing House, 2006)
A pair of disciples on the margins – this is the best description I can think of to describe the Gao Brothers. They are always together, are actually brothers, and also seem to be contemporary believers traveling on the margins of their times and trends. The Gao Brothers seem to be continuously traveling on the margins of both the artistic and social mainstream. They appear together under the name of “brothers” like a pair of disciples. I say that they are like disciples because of their utopian ideas, their intellectualism, and their artistic subjects, which take the form of salvation.
I. Departing from the cross: The cost of saving art and self
In the past two decades since engaging in the modern art new wave
of the mid 1980s, the Gao Brothers have never truly entered the
Chinese avant-garde art mainstream.
During the mid 1980s when Chinese modern art was just beginning
to germinate, the young Gao Brother were first starting experimenting
with modern art in Shandong, for example, combining expressionism
with Chinese traditional paper cut forms. Their first formal emergence
in modern art was during the 1989 modern art exhibition, where they
blew up condoms to symbolize genitalia, an “inflatable installation.”
They used sexuality to symbolize a resistance to the stifling sexual
ideology of the time. At that time such a work was rather daring,
and demonstrated an early instance of installation art.
But, in comparison with the direct political confrontation and rational
judgment of mainstream art forms of that time, this youthful colorful
work of sexual symbolism seemed rather modest. Those stimulating
and progressive art works that were fashionable for a moment are
already passé today, while the humanism and youth emphasized
by the Gao Brothers in their “inflatable installation”
still appears fresh today.
Actually, the symbolism of youth and libido in “Inflatable
Installation” was only apparent at the formal level. If one
looks at the titles within this series, such as “Spreading
Midnight,” one recognizes that the Gao Brothers provided within
this form a spiritual subject of “saving self and others.”
During the subsequent artistic movements of the entire decade of
the 1990s, the subject of the “other” and “salvation”
defined the central pursuit and artistic soul of the Gao Brothers.
In 1989 with the failure of the final elite resistance by Chinese
intellectuals, the Gao Brothers spirituality suffered a lapse for
a while, and the ideological background to that movement became
their guidepost for the next decade. This was especially reflected
in their early 1990s series “Facing Beijing’s Window.”
The series focused on the subject of Beijing and modern ideology,
where the former sees the appearance of consumer society and mass
culture, and the later the influence of postmodernism on early 1990s
Chinese art. Influenced by Benjamin’s idea of “reproduction”
during an era of mass culture and Marcuse’s notion of a society
of one-dimensional men, the Gao Brothers began to use the methodology
of texts and reproduction to make photographic copies and pastiche
works. Works such as “Researching Truth” and “New
Concept” were part of the deeply expressive series “China:
Marcuse’s Criticism (Text).” This experimental visual
text possessed a formal avant-gardism for its time.
After 1994, apparently dissatisfied with merely the ideological
criticism of social realistic expression, they tried to delve even
deeper into the subject of saving the self that formed the backdrop
to this type of expression. Series such as “Large Cross Installation”
(1994), “Landscape Installation” (1994-1996) and “UFO
Whizzing Past the Square” (1995) demonstrate their inquisitive
and intensely ritualistic sensibility during this era. The subject
of the “Large Cross Installation” series is the salvation
of self and other. While exhibiting their sense of a spiritual quest,
the series is especially interesting for their experimentation with
large scale installation forms despite being mired in a spiritual
quandary. The crosses were made out of various types of red structures,
their forms emanating a definite ceremonial atmosphere. These crosses
were placed in the middle of a very simple empty space, expressing
the sense of loneliness and spiritual void of the times. The main
themes of the cross series, “angst” and “marginalization,”
reflected the spiritual attitude of feeling the self to be crumbling
in the liminal spaces of salvation.
In the “Landscape” series self-sacrifice was even more
directly expressed. It was performed on a desolate site in winter
on the edge of the Yellow River. The work was full of the lyricism
of the wounded and afflicted, and was, of all the Gao Brothers’
works, the one that most demonstrated their poetic talents. It used
performance art and landscape art to write human history, communicate
desires, an elegy on salvation, and express disappointment about
the political reality. They used a red cloth to cover a fissure
on the bank of the Yellow River, and then lay naked on the red cloth
covering the white snow. On a discarded wooden train rail they wrote
the numbers for various years in red. Visually this work possessed
a strong sense of ceremonial self-sacrifice and lyricism. The symbolic
ceremony of the self in the “Landscape” series gradually
started to possess a colorful sense of self allegorization. This
type of individual characteristic also began to appear in their
intellectual speech and writings, for example, “Historical
Chapter,” “Premonition of Melting,” “Poetic
Stanza on Melting,” “The Sacrifice of the Yellow River,”
“Narrate,” etc. These types of titles demonstrate the
Gao Brother’s inspirational sources during a period of spiritual
difficulty. This source was, in fact, the collective injury done
to intellectuals in the late 1980s, and this intense wound to the
soul was expressed in its most lively form in the work “UFO
Whizzing Past the Square.”
The series “UFO Whizzing Past the Square” expressed
a kind of political nightmare, an irrepressible political memory.
The simulated performance endowed Tiananmen Square with an absurdly
surrealistic sense, that one might have while sleep walking.
“Other,” “Injury,” and “Sleep Walking”
comprised the primary spiritual subjects of the Gao Brother’s
mid 1990s works. At its creative center resided intellectual disappointment,
repressed nightmares, and anxiety about self expression. Their art
resembled that of many other intellectuals, namely, a search for
an allegorical space on the margins, a method of enacting the symbolic
meeting of the self with the “other” and “the
sublime” by using desolate landscapes, vast interior spaces,
the cross, the political square, and the color red. While in reality
they were not very effective, their central idea was saving the
self. This caused the art of their time to possess a type of postmodernism
which, at its root, reflected the pressured relationship between
ideology and art.
During the mid 1990s the Gao Brothers also gradually began to form
their individual aesthetic characteristics, for example, intellectuality,
political symbolism, ceremonialism, marginal spaces, etc.
II. Group Hugs: Re-entering Society
With the Gao Brother’s 1995 performance “Mass on the
Square” they bid adieu to the ceremonies they had performed
since that first major art exhibition in 1989. Their works in the
mid 1990s had been, for the most part, marked by a separation from
social and collective space. Instead they performed on the deserted
banks of the Yellow River, in empty rooms, and on abandoned railroad
tracks, and like a pair of disciples they continued to carry with
them the ideological memory of the late 1980s, the return of the
repressed Square.
In the year 2000 their series “Hug” and “Feel
Space” marked a turning point for the Gao Brothers. They ceased
the lonely wandering of a disciple, and started hugging the crowds
and feeling the new changes in mainstream social space. By the mid
1990s it was clear that the consumer society emerging in China was
already a fact of life, and the superficial splendor and materialism
of the cities along with the rise of mass culture and hegemonic
discourse had created a postmodern social structure. Thus the symbols
of consumer society and cultural forms such as reminbi, Mao’s
pop culture images, commercial packaging, etc., appeared in the
art of the Gao Brothers in the late 1990s.
The “Hugging” series marked the start of the Gao Brothers
allegorizing contemporary society. They bid farewell to the loneliness
and disappointed individualism of the 1990s, and started to enter
social space, even appearing with different crowds, expressing the
absurd modern realities of new capitalist desires. In their later
“Feeling Space” performance video series, they discovered
a spatial narrative and visual form which comprised their even more
colorful allegorical form: the “half finished building.”
The Gao Brothers used newspaper announcements and close friends
in order to influence people and recruit youth willing to participate
in this “hugging” art performance. Some of the “huggers”
had some familiarity with others in the crowd, but most were complete
strangers to each other. Because of various restrictions, “Hugging”
was first performed in desolate spaces, such as on a bridge next
to the Yellow River, underneath a traffic overpass, at the intersection
of suburban roads, etc. The fundamental change in the “Hugging”
series was that it signified an overcoming of the ideological affliction
in the artistic subjects of the Gao Brothers, by adopting the common
humanist perspective of the relationship between humanity and society.
Of course in doing so they risked making artistic thought too common,
and losing some of their interior strength.
On the other hand, The Gao Brother’s “Feeling Space”
series (2000) contained even stronger spiritual potential, mainly
because of its allegorical form. The titles in this series, “Prayer,”
“Injury,” “Waiting,” “Restlessness,”
also reflected the Gao Brothers’ attitude toward their age.
In facing China’s changes they were no longer bound by ideological
wounds, rather, they maintained a certain distance and extremely
complicated sentiment toward this age. “Hugging” in
fact reflects an attempt by the Gao Brothers to reestablish a kind
of relationship with the outside world, and “Feeling Spaces”
reflects their contradictions, pain, and the fact that they haven’t
yet fully extracted themselves from their inner world.
The “Hugging” series continued into the year 2001, but
its background began to change. The allegorical backdrop to “Feeling
Space” started to combine with the formal aspects of “Hugging.”
Therefore the hugging performances began to change, first in terms
of space, for example, hugging within a church, on a stage set,
underneath a light rail train station, a bus stop, a half built
building, the roof of a building, and other urban spots. Later these
hugs were described by the Gao Brothers as “Urban Theater.”
This in fact turned actual group actions and locations into allegorical
performances. In “Urban Theater” “Hugging”
is no longer an open invitation to participate in a large scale
crowd game, but rather is a select group of people in a select location
symbolic performing a prescribed action. It was more akin to a “stage”
for theatrical drama, and although this kind of “hugging”
obviously expressed more symbolism and hidden desires than the former
types, but was no longer a truly meaningful performance art.
The Gao Brothers started to video their performances with “Feeling
Space” and “City Theater,” which defined the trend
of their performance video works since 2001, including “A
Lesson in Performance Art,” “City Stage: Evening News,”
“The Answer,” “Description of the Last Days,”
etc.
In 2000 the “Hugging” series relied on the simple motivation
of interacting with society. In the end this work returned to an
intellectual allegory, and used performance video to express the
emergence of a consumer society’s new social collectivism
and the new situation of the individual. Although these works were
rather crude in places, they marked a turning point for the Gao
Brothers. They eventually managed to discard their artistic sense
of ideological woundedness, and began to assess the collectivism
of modern society as well as deliver a symbolic judgment on the
cultural situation.
III. A Utopian Work in Progress: Attending to the Soul
The Gao Brother’s art possesses an intellectual and spiritual
attention to the soul. This tendency caused them to travel a rather
lonely and unique road during the 1990s. Their art expanded throughout
the 1990s to express avant-garde art in many forms, including installation
art, performance art, conceptual art, and various forms of experimentation
with video and media art. Their emergence on the public stage occurred
at the major art exhibition of 1989 where they inflated many symbols
of libido to resist the mainstream ideology of the time. From the
late 1980s to today, they seem to have been traveling on the margins
of their era. Yet a basic thread remains unchanged, namely, their
focus on the other, their intellectual criticism, their attention
to the soul, and their artistic experimentation.
“Skyscraper Perpetually under Construction” (2001-2005)
and “Black Space” (2005) express this thread. In “Skyscraper
Perpetually under Construction” they use the “half finished
building” as a spatial text which expresses the manic collective
utopian sensibility of the era. Whether expressing a social collective
or a specific social class, each work expresses contradictions and
paradoxes. Collectively this work expresses the idea that this era’s
economic progress is full of competitive spirit from capitalism,
and full of nationalist lyricism, and full of material desire; at
the same time it also expresses a collective spiritual vacuum.
“Skyscraper Perpetually under Construction” is a nearly
perfect form for expressing the individual’s existential situation
within society’s collectivism, especially by using the motif
of the “half finished building.” The “half finished
building” refers to the fact that since the 1990s as the increasingly
liberalized economy became monopolized by real estate developers
this kind of building began to appear in nearly every city in China.
The “half finished building” actually symbolizes the
imminent collapse of China’s modern utopianism and superficial
national capitalist strength. This is not only due to insufficient
capital or an economic bubble, but because of the increasing gaps
between rich and poor, all of which indicates the spiritual ruin
enacted on the human spirit by such economic development.
You see the isolated individual situated in the middle of a huge
“half finished building” the people seemingly unable
to leave this symbolic destruction of this huge edifice, this utopian
building perpetually under construction. In addition expressing
anxiety, injury, disappointment, and a sense of meaninglessness,
each individual nonetheless remains at a loss about how to rebuild
a home for him or herself. “Skyscraper Perpetually under Construction”
is truly desolate and depressing; not one detail in the work provides
hope.
In this series the Gao Brother has many young people lingering expressionless
at each level of the unfinished building, their postures somewhat
erect, but seemingly without harboring any hopes for the future.
China’s modern history is like a perpetually unfinished utopian
structure, it is continually in the process of constructing, but
no one can really use or appreciate the building. In some later
“Skyscraper” series, the Brothers include some social
narratives and concrete details from the press. This series reflects
the sense of futility behind the apparent progress of China’s
construction of modern history.
This skyscraper series was originally inspired from video trends
in live theatre. The Gao Brothers evolution to using photography
of performances resembled the evolution of other artists at the
time, first using photography to record performance and concept
art, later using the photographic documents as independent concepts
and images, eventually evolving into an allegorical performance
photograph. This marks the difference between the Gao Brothers’
avant-garde photography and the characteristics of news documentary
and city photography.
“Black Space” is one of their most recent series. This
series uses the color black to indicate the underside of nearly
every aspect of social space, which reflects another attitude of
the human soul, the kind one finds in a church confessional. “Black
Space” takes the symbols of the “Unfinished skyscraper”
series to a more interior layer. This series seems to also recover
the Gao Brother’s sense of lyric expression, but in a more
sophisticated fashion than their earlier “Landscape Installation.”
The images in the “Black Space” series first emerged
in “The Last Supper” (2002), where black expresses fundamental
emotions for the Gao Brothers, an aesthetic of the sublime, suffering,
and the soul’s despair. Interestingly, “The Last Supper”
motif was used by many Chinese artists during the 1990s as a form
for postmodern expression, perhaps because “judgment”
and “salvation” are actually deeply repressed yet common
questions probing the existence of materialism and spiritual regression
in culture. The Gao Brother’s work also delves deeply into
this struggle with the self, facing the question of truth and conscience
in considering the “traitor” and “salvation”
during the 1990s.
The Gao Brothers obviously experienced the artistic intellectual’s
need to save the self, and conveyed resistance in the midst of this
struggle with self. They seem like a pair of disciples, walking
on the margins of their era, returning once again to the city and
crowds to observe the decline of this era, and the possibility of
salvation. But in this forever unfinished utopia, they can only
execute symbolic salvation through their art.
Beijing, 23 July 2005
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The Gao Brothers’ “Hug” Project – Art as
Life
Written by C. M. Voskuil, Ph.D.
(Published in “Gao Brothers 1985-2005”, Hunan Fine
Arts Publishing House, 2006)
A wise man has said that the unexamined life is not worth living.
Clearly, this is not the message of most of what we see in contemporary,
postmodern culture. Even in the world of postmodern art, where many
look to escape the mundane and traditional myths of the past, we
are often encouraged to revel in the trivial, the mindless, and
the cynical. Not so, in the case of the Beijing based art duo the
Gao Brothers. Their works, like their name, invite contemplation,
and encourage viewers to shun the hyper-individualistic and alienated
attitudes so encouraged by popular culture today.
I do not mean to say that this is the brothers’ intent. It
may be, but my purpose here is not to make that claim. Intent is,
as any critic knows, somewhat irrelevant. Cultural critics may consider
authorial intent, but content and the resultant effect on the culture
at large is what makes a work of art either ‘bad’ or
‘good’, that is to say, ‘pedantic’ or ‘important’.
Original artistic intent can be disrupted by the response of the
masses. So here I will consider primarily my own critical response,
and explain why I judge the work of the Gao Brothers to be not only
‘good’, but visionary and, at the very least, worthy
of a look by anyone interested in contemporary art.
The Gao Brothers hail from Jinan, and have been collaborating artistically
since the mid 1980’s. Their works include painting, sculpture,
installations, mixed-media photography, and what some have called
‘performance’ art. The label placed on this last category
has been contested by the brothers themselves, and while their other
works are also worthy of consideration, I will in this article focus
on an example of their ‘performance’ art entitled ‘Hug’,
to clarify the content of their work and make evident its importance
in the world of art today.
When I first saw photographs of the project entitled ‘Hug’
in a Beijing Art Gallery, I was struck by the raw emotionality and
honesty of the project. After having staged several public hugging
projects with volunteers, the brothers decided to pay workers to
hug. The setting was the roof of an abandoned building built during
the Cultural Revolution, and workers were hired at 50 rmb each to
work as nude models. Those who were uncomfortable posing in the
nude were paid 20 rmb each to participate in the project, and hug
either clothed or partially clothed. The twenty workers hugged for
ten minutes on the stark, abandoned rooftop. The photos of the project,
as well as the narrative of the day provided to me by one of the
Gao Brothers, reveal not merely a unique photographic undertaking,
but some fundamental truths about our postmodern lives.
Metaphorically speaking, living in the world today feels to many
like balancing atop the abandoned roof of a structure that once
seemed strong, secure, and permeated with promises of future greatness.
Yet today many of those promises that have gone unfulfilled; old
beliefs when expressed today seem like the empty shells of dead
giants, and the world appears dilapidated and rife with danger.
We are afraid that even one wrong step will lead to total annihilation.
Ours is a world in which many feel exposed to the elements, unprotected
by the crumbling structures of the past, of our cultures and our
traditions.
The hug, too, is an apt choice for an artistic commentary on contemporary
life and human relationships. A hug is perhaps one of the most universal
symbols of human emotion and psychological interdependence, yet
it is an act with which many in both China and in my home country,
America, seem genuinely uncomfortable. What does this say of the
evolution of humanity, and of the definition of ‘progress’
in the postmodern world? The workers asked for additional money
to hug in the nude, but in a world where everything is quickly becoming
a commodity, this came as no surprise. Artistically, is a relevant
and important revelation that people today will, for a bit of money,
do things that they would otherwise not feel comfortable doing.
This project makes us stop to consider that financial considerations
today often override one’s sense of propriety, comfort, and
self-respect. Perhaps even more profound is the revelation of this
project that human beings in contemporary society must be paid to
touch one another, to hug, either clothed or in the nude. Nudity
is an important element of the project, for in the nude, we see
each individual as they truly are, with the external trappings of
wealth and social status stripped away. Only nude are we fully human,
exposed, and vulnerable. What does it say of us that we are least
comfortable with ourselves, and with those around us, when we are
forced to see them as humans, like ourselves, and to consider them
and ourselves as partners in a hug – recipients of empathy,
emotion, and trust? Is not the ability to interact with others of
our species in this way what it means to be truly evolved as human
beings? We must reconsider whether we, in the postmodern world,
are truly evolved individuals, and how we can become so. The discomfort
one experiences while viewing the photographs of the project ‘hug’
– the shock, the awe, the confusion – are what make
us ask these important questions, and are thus what make a project
like ‘Hug’ worthy to be called ‘great’ art.
The modern poet, Wallace Stevens, claimed that the purpose of his
poetry was to help people live their lives. This is also the purpose
of art. It is in art such as ‘Hug’ that we see this
purpose fulfilled. This commingling of life and art is stressed
by the Gao Brothers themselves, who stated in a recent interview
with Chen Yuxia “It doesn't matter whether there is an audience;
we are more interested in people's involvement and participation,
the occurrence of the event and its relationship to a broader social
and cultural sphere.” In rejecting the necessity of the audience
and the label ‘performance’, the Gao Brothers emphasize
the fact that art is not something separate from life, art is life
itself, a power in individual lives that, with or without an audience,
has the power to change reality through experience.
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Disillusioned Urban Art: On Gao Brothers’ Photography
Written by Feng Boyi
(Published in the magazine MATADOR Nov 2005)
An artist’s creative drive is stimulated by both external
reality and his own internal conflicts. And the reality that Chinese
artists face today is an economy developing at immense speed, challenging
and overthrowing traditional models of life and thought. The pure
placid ideal of living nurtured for many generations and expressed
in a simple uncomplicated way of life is further and further from
reality. Conflicts and tensions abound: on the one hand, people
aspire to a better standard of living and modernisation, and want
to enjoy the facilities and services offered by cities, yet, on
the other, this modernisation process has brought numerous, hitherto
unforeseen problems. Cultural diversity is in danger of being lost,
and the patterns that governed life in the city and the countryside
are changing. Many spiritual things, including beliefs, have silently
been destroyed. The simple gestures that touch people, such as cupping
water in the palm of the hand, are disappearing, sometimes quickly
and other times slowly; the number of cracks opening on the borders
of morality is truly terrifying, and nobody can remain safely on
the sidelines.
For this reason, artists within China’s cultural context increasingly
focus on urban themes. Modernisation, in a certain sense, is also
a process of urbanisation. And urbanisation generates a new kind
of society and a new value system. However, modern cities are home
to a multitude of traps and contradictions, and may produce complex
feelings in people that alternate between pain and pleasure. All
cities today, without exception, are filled with disorder, evil
and ugliness, and are considered alien, colossal and oppressive
for humankind. This is particularly true in China where city residents
live in confusion and anxiety. Many artists perceive, reflect on
and criticise this situation, adding this urban dimension to their
works as a conceptual premise.
The work of the Gao Brothers can be categorically classified as
a type of urban art framed within the context and value system of
today’s Chinese cities. Through their actions and photography,
the Gao Brothers aim to explore the gigantic changes that their
country’s largest cities are undergoing, as well as the numerous
problems that are being created. Far from emphasising the abundant
material advantages offered by the modern city, the Gaos address
the grave problems caused over the last 15 years by China’s
runaway process of urbanisation, and do so from a clearly critical
perspective. In other words, the figures participating in their
performances and photographs, made from copies, collages and montages,
are conditioned by the peculiar historical context of modern China.
In their work Sense of Space, the Gao Brothers turned a contemporary
wall unit in a normal Chinese home into a living space. The nude
people stuffed inside it represent city inhabitants trapped in a
cramped, mean existence, as if they were in boxes, imprisoned in
lives where there is no possibility of any spiritual, moral or ethical
development. The man the Gaos are portraying with their surrealist
language is a modern being who has abandoned the garden of the spirit
to accommodate himself to the strange circumstances of a city that
is more materialistic every day.
In contrast, in The Forever Unfinished Building they have built
their particular image of the city on the real base of a dense cement
jungle – a huge building abandoned before completion –
and founded on a digitised way of life. In it, the artists present
a virtual portrait of the contemporary Chinese citizen’s memories
and emotions, as if he were a mirror reflecting the urban landscape
of today’s China. In this group of images, where photographs
taken arbitrarily are mixed with planned and prepared compositions,
the Gao Brothers show situations, street scenes and events from
daily life (real or virtual) with the idea of using a pop aesthetic
to reflect the consumer society emerging in contemporary China.
The situations, though exaggerated, are a faithful reflection of
reality, where material goods are adored to excess.
In comparison with the preceding works, the Chinese Gays in Woman’s
Clothing series has a much more real-life, documentary nature. Homosexuals
have gradually acquired more of a presence in China’s modernisation
process. The lens of the Gao Brothers reveals a whole universe of
people, feelings and emotions that exist in a world parallel to
the official world, a by-product of modernisation. In the images
they seem to be floating with no departure or arrival point, just
as in real life. The Gaos depict the desires rooted inside these
people and the complexities of minds filled with contradictions,
while interpreting the fantasies of those who have spent their whole
lives in a state of alienation.
Works by the Gao Brothers include portraits of their own life journey,
of how they are today and how they used to be; in their own way,
they also reflect the reality surrounding them, starting from reality
itself and adding prepared or fictitious images to reach the world
they want to show. Their works describe the other reality they have
created. They transform portraits of people into a purely visual
sensation and give free rein to this formal sensation until leaving
the spectator in a dizzy and disturbed state.
Although these figures go through an intense virtual manipulation,
they manage to accurately depict the absurd conditions of existence
in China’s cities. The authors’ aim is to create effective
images that enclose a complex symbolic meaning and serve to denounce
the consumerism that is steadily taking grip in today’s society.
Therefore, the images before us move from an unreal into a real
state, expressing the scrutiny to which the Gao Brothers are subjecting
the circumstances of existence itself. Furthermore, through their
images, they are trying to show human suffering and the numerous
threats that face the real China.
Their objective is not only to depict in their own way the environment
in which they live, but also to try to reflect people’s spirit
and feelings. Through their use of reality and fiction, the Gaos
produce a totally new appearance and new sensations based on a simple
realist aesthetic. The fact is that the dehumanised cities of today
do not make themselves, but are produced by those very citizens
who wander lonely and silent through their streets. The growth of
the cities is influencing our old value systems and even humankind
itself. Why can’t we view the urbanisation process through
the eyes of historical rationalism? Perhaps we could change the
way we confront this process, or suddenly discover that Chinese
cities are completely new, different and surprising.
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A Deconstructed Reflexion:
Simulation and Substitution in the Gao Brothers' Art
By Huang Du
(Foreword of the exhibition catalogue “Gao Brothers”,
CourtYard Gallery, Beijing, 2001)
"We are entering a world where there won't be one, but two
realities: the actual and the virtual. There is no simulation, but
substitution."
-- Paul Virilio
The French philosopher Jean Baudrillard emphasizes "simulation"
constructed on the basis of cultural values, and Paul Virilio propounds
the novel and innovative concept of "substitution" in
the context of cultural theory. These profound postmodern philosophical
discourses vividly depict the cultural issues of our times. Simulation
and reality make little difference and overlap each other in television,
fashion, advertising, film and visual art, where visual images and
symbols are manipulated, duplicated and reproduced. Accordingly,
the society of a consumer culture comes to be permeated with such
phenomena as signs simulating for and exchanged against other signs,
and forms simulating and substituting for other forms.
Any contemporary Chinese artist will find himself/herself in a position
of otherness in his/her dialogues with the Western art world, with
the balance of power invariably in the hands of the West. Ostensibly,
this could be rationalized by the "fact" of the West's
non-stop creation of new cultures and artistic trends, albeit as
a result of widespread dissemination of Western phenomenon and their
interpretations. However, the truer explanation lies in the West's
readiness to channel its vast resources in to maintaining its visible
and unsurpassable political frontiers. Hence, it comes as no surprise
that in the field of "art" the otherness of China is inevitably
regarded as folkloric and exotic. Therein, there arises an interesting
question: What connects this phenomenon and the use of the human
body as a medium of artistic _expression? In any event, the Chinese
artist can not avoid his role as representative of this "otherness".
However, the Chinese artist also strives to create a new cultural space. In performance-based works, an artist's body will be unavoidably defined and regulated within the domain of other relationships, that is to say, it acts in a context. At the same time, it is also the focal point of the viewers' subjective desires. In other words, use of the body in artistic _expression is intrinsically associated with a social or cultural context. The body's inherent intersubjectivity and performativity reflect a uniquely economic mode of _expression. Intersubjectivity and dependence on context preclude the direct and exclusive existence of the human body in body art and performance-based art works and instead accentuate an interactive body. The result is the conceptualization of the body. Body art does not guarantee truth. This mode of artistic _expression essentially exists within a hierarchy of realties and, like a type of open-ended structure, it promotes the development of truth.
Body art/ performance-based work has often been the focus of contemporary
Chinese artists. Since the human body is characterized both by corporeality
and temporality, the tractability of the human body as both material
and concept make the human body as artistic medium not only an effective
mode of participating in social, cultural and daily life but also
an effective means of establishing dialogues and communication with
the general public.
The Gao Brothers (Gao Zhen and Gao Qiang) work in the arena of body
art / performance-based works. Originally, from Shandong, their
naturally forthright disposition bolsters their diligence and commitment
to art. The work of the Gao Brothers is regarded as particularly
representative of Chinese performance-based work. It would be more
accurate to say that they simulate and substitute their ideas of
life into symbols or forms than to say that their performances,
with their bodies as media, simulate real forms of life.
Since the 1980's, the Gao Brothers have uncompromisingly committed
themselves to avant-garde art experimentation. Their large installation
Inflationism attracted much attention in the China Avant-Garde Exhibition
of 1989 at the China National Art Gallery. This gargantuan work,
which sat just inside the entrance of the National Art Gallery,
was perceived by many as a symbol of sexuality.
Actually, it was more closely akin to an abstract _expression of
new found freedom, enjoyed by many artists of the time, after having
broken free of the shackles and stereotypes of prior artistic theories.
During this period Chinese contemporary artists enthusiastically
applied modernist techniques as tools to break down the constraints
of the Cultural Revolution. Contemporary Chinese artists today continue
in this spirit of heroism and collectivism as reflected in grandiose
- and often idealistic - visual narratives. The Gao Brothers continue
to employ such visual narratives often with religious themes, which
reflect an artistic pursuit of moral ideals after the experience
of loss of spirituality. An example of this orientation can be seen
in their installation work Cross Series.
The Gao Brothers rationale for choosing photography as a tool of
artistic creation is a result of the special affinity they feel
for it. In the view of Helmut Gernsheim, "Photography is the
only 'language' understood in all parts of the world, and bridging
all nations and cultures, it links the family of man. Independent
of political influence-where people are free-it reflects truthfully
life and events, allows us to share in the hopes and despair of
others, and illuminates political and social conditions. We become
the eye-witnesses of the humanity and inhumanity of mankind..."
Their recent work Utopia of Embrace of 20 Minutes may be regarded
as performance-based photography. Taking "Embrace" as
the subject matter, they invited some 150 young volunteers, who
were previously strangers to each other, to participate. The Gao
Brothers asked the participants to choose a person at random for
a hug of 15 minutes duration at diverse venues and settings including
the banks along the Yellow River, the old railway bridge across
it, and high-rises under construction. At the end of the 15 minutes,
all the participants huddled together for an additional 5 minutes,
in an enmasse hug in order to experience a collective sense of physical
contact. This action of hugging is analogous to the art of "living
sculpture".
"Embrace" is the opposite of separation and the act of
hugging here expresses a sense of utopia. As a symbol of spiritual
and physical renewal after separation, "Embrace" points
to complex social, ideological, cultural and religious issues. The
act of embracing easily conjures up many scenes in the international
arena; such as the emotional reunion of parted families of the North
and South Koreas; the hope for harmonious coexistence between Whites
and Blacks after the abolishment of apartheid in South Africa; the
ecstatic embraces of Palestinians after their return to their homeland;
and, the e